Urbanism and Architecture Concepts

Urbanism and Architecture Concepts â€Å"Dwelling is the combination of architecture and urbanism† Dwelling, as a place to live, can be a house, a flat, an apartment or other place of residence. It is a place where human spent of most of their time while indoors. The concept of dwelling has been changed over the last hundreds years, in that period, the many dwelling building in different place of the world represent an unique local culture with different interior, exterior, structure, etc. However, in modern days, most of these symbols and architectural styles had already disappeared, dwelling buildings on this planet all blend into one style – Urbanism. It becomes more of an urban spaces, a place offers convenience and rest instead of an art product within its unique architectural style. Remmert Koolhaas was born in 1944 in Rotterdam, one of the greatest modernism architecture in the world. In early years he was a reporter and scriptwriter. After studying architecture between 1968 and 1972 in AASchoolArchitecture, and in Cornell University, with Zaha Hadid, Elia Zenghelis they established OMA. During his architecture life his famous works include Villa of Bordeaux, CCTV Headquarters in Beijing and Seattle Central Library in USA etc. In 2000, He acquired the Pritzker Architecture Price. His works are heavily based on surrealism combined with neoplasticism. Furthermore he adds the unique feature of the environment and society into building’s shape and structure in order to express different ideas and thoughts from human. Villa of Bordeaux is a perfect example showing Rem’s style dwelling, combining urbanism’s convenience and technology and beauties of the architecture. â€Å"Now we are left with a world without urbanism, only architecture, ever more architecture.† In the book â€Å"S, M, L, XL†, â€Å"What ever happened to urbanism†, Rem Koolhaas suggests that â€Å"Now we are left with a world without urbanism, only architecture, ever more architecture.†(S, M, L, XL, Rem Koolhaas, Bruce Mau, 1995, pp. 967). Of course urbanism still exist today, but the urbanism we have is the one different to what Rem Koolhaas described, it is the one impact by the modernization, it is a failure of urbanism. Nowadays urban expanding so quick with the negative impact from 20th century’s modern movement, in the past decades global economy and financial growth are slowly destroying traditional urban and its quality. This leads to the urban today where city is the form of citizen’s present needs as Rem described as â€Å"Exile to the virtual world†. (S, M, L, XL Rem Koolhaas, Bruce Mau, 1995, pp. 967) When architects designing cities, buildings or landscapes, too many things that cannot be controlled. Therefore architectu re is necessary or even essential for new urbanism. Rem suggests several points for the ideal ‘new urbanism’ should â€Å"no longer be concerned with the arrangement†¦ no longer aim for stable configurations†¦ denying boundaries†¦ discovering hybrids†¦reinvention of psychological space†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (S, M, L, XL Rem Koolhaas, Bruce Mau, 1995, pp. 969-971). In Bordeaux, an old couple wanted a new house after the husband experienced a car accident and has to spend the rest of his live on the wheelchair. Rem was the designer. Considering husband’s inconvenience, an elevator was added to the house as a representation of the urbanism, and turns into his personal world where he can find the sense belonging. In the villa he made the elevator a movable floor slab. Elevator moves among underground floor, ground floor and relatively enclosed first floor, beside is a wall vertically through the entire building, with all husband’s personal stuff, the arrangement is R.Koolhaas/OMA, Lemoine house, Floirac, near Bordeaux, 1994-98, In collaboration with Ove Arup. Preliminary sketch no longer a concern. While it is moving, this elevator becomes husband’s personal place and an independent space in the building. This becomes a type of urbanism’s â€Å"reinvention of psychological space†, denying boundaries of the floor. To husband’s point of view, the building is no longer separated as three different floors but as one structural space. Furthermore, this villa feature of hybrid of new urbanism by using different sorts of material is different parts of the building. Building was located on the top of the hill, surrounded with peaceful grass land and bush. Therefore the ground floor and first floor was mainly built by glass wall so that person live inside the villa can have the great view of Bordeaux city. Above the glass wall is the bedroom made by concrete, appear as a heavy box floating in the air determining a certain solution for layout of the building and quality of the space. However, glass wall cannot afford the weight of the conc rete slab, Rem use a special structure to solve the problem: A steel portal and a hollow piloti with a large diameter in reinforced concrete, reminiscent of the ones in the project for Agadir. To introduce a further, decisive degree of visual instability. (Roberto Gargiani, 2008, pp. 212). On the top of the concrete piloti is a long shiny stainless steel structure with the large concrete box on one side, on the other side is a large over-hanged concrete block buried in the patio garden, achieving equilibrium and make the top concrete box seems to float even more vividly. This technology is connected with the tradition launched by ledoux with the house pended. The perfect combination and hybrid of glass wall and concrete wall structure again express Rem’s ideal urbanism. The over-hanged concrete block buried in the patio garden. â€Å"Instead of enforcing coexistence, Bigness depends on regimes of freedom, the assembly of maximum difference.† It sounds impossible for an architect or even architects to control a large thing like skyscraper, large landscape or even a city. When the modernized urbanism meets architecture, the problem of the large occurs. â€Å"Beyond a certain scale, architecture acquires the properties of Bigness.† (S, M, L, XL Rem Koolhaas, Bruce Mau, 1995, pp. 494-516). Nowadays, between modernizations which is what citizens need and acquire, and architecture which is the art of the building, urbanism choose what citizens need and this is when architecture start to fall. Art and beauty of architecture is useless against urbanism. However, bigness is a solution, â€Å"it is the one architecture that can survive, even exploit†. (S, M, L, XL Rem Koolhaas, Bruce Mau, 1995, pp. 494-516). Just like what Rem said, Bigness is the solution or maybe the only solution for urbanism and architecture’s assembly. â€Å"Instead of enforcing coexistence, bigness depends on regimes of freedom, the ass embly of maximum difference.† Suggests Rem’s idea: by using bigness, freedom and large space to combine architecture and urbanism. Evoke the idea of bigness is to offer everyone live under urbanism maximum space, freedom and privacy. There are several uses of the bigness and in Rem’s residential work – villa of Bordeaux, such as elevator. In the theory of bigness: â€Å"The elevator – with its potential to establish mechanical rather than architectural connection.† (S, M, L, XL Rem Koolhaas, Bruce Mau, 1995, pp. 494-516). The art of architecture become useless in the large size building. To avoid this Rem turn the traditional elevator into a movable giant floor slab. Instead creating a single room for the husband, this elevator makes the all three floor as a space for husband, remain the technology of bigness and the ‘art’ of architecture at the same time. The R.Koolhaas/OMA, villa Lemoine, Floirac, near Bordeaux, 1994-98, in collaboration with Ove Arup. Elevator-living room with the mobile platform. elevator can move from opening public living room to private bedroom, gives him enough space but at the same time – regimes of freedom. Another example is the Glass wall under the concrete box bedroom. With a brief look from outside, the building looks like typical modernised urbanism type house. However the comparison of the top concrete close up type bed room and opening ground floor with glass wall surrounded represent the assemble of two different concepts and ideas. This villa has more than 400 metre square land and three floors. The large space combined with glass wall enlarge the sense of freedom and â€Å"The seeming failure of the urban offers an exceptional opportunity† Modernization heavily impact on urbanism on the negative side. Within globalization in urbanism, dwelling building all over the world are becoming more and more similar, some unique feature are decreasing. More buildings share same structure, same shape and same style. These took the original ‘urbanism’ away from the city, instead, urban become a solemn place full of steel framed building. This is the where Rem Koolhaas pointed out that â€Å"In a landscape of increasing expediency and impermanence, urbanism no longer is or has to be the most solemn of our decision; urbanism can be lighten up, become a Gay Science – Lite Urbanism.† (S, M, L, XL Rem Koolhaas, Bruce Mau, 1995, pp. 961-971). In modern days, under the fail urbanism, the new environment of urban is no longer a series place for living but a place where people can find themselves belong to, a place that not only bring them convenience and comfort, but also a simple place where they find enjoy to s tay, where they can find happiness and care. R.Koolhaas/OMA, villa Lemoine, Flo-rac, near Bordeaux, 1994-98, in col-aboration with Ove Arup .Intermediate upper-level plans;cross section In that case, Villa of Bordeaux can be the representation of ‘Lite urbanism’, building itself was a product of urbanism, offer people who live inside a place to rest, elevator offer husband who has to spent his life on wheel chair convenience, On the wall of the floating box, several holes with different height enable people at different level to look at the view outside. Furthermore about urbanism, house was locate on the top of the hill surrounded with no other building but quite grass land and bushes, different from the normal dwelling building locate in the city. Evokes an idea of the owner of the building who wants to take root of this place and live in seclusion. Without the crowd and noise, villa of Bordeaux becomes a representation of â€Å"Lite Urbanism†. Although the failure of the urbanism brings negative effects to cities, still Rem Koolhaas treats it as an opportunity at the same time and he designed lots of amazing architectural buildings such as Vil la of Bordeaux. Rem Koolhaas, 1996. Rem Koolhaas: Conversations with Students (Architecture at Rice). 1 Edition. Princeton Architectural Press. Roberto Gargiani, 2008. Rem Koolhaas/OMA (Essays in Architecture). 1 Edition. Rouledge http://wp.architecture.com.au/venicebiennale/venice-events/

Hitting and Fighting in Hockey Essay

Many people have been talking about taking hitting and fighting out of hockey in the last few years because of the rise in career ending injuries, but the cause is from the fact that hockey players having been getting faster stronger and more skilled. Although people do get severe injuries and some take it too far it’s the risk that they face every time they step on the ice. Hitting starts at the age of 11 which I think is an appropriate age to start hitting. Taking Hitting and fighting out of hockey would change the game forever. Hitting is one of the main components of the game and makes the game what it is today. A lot of people think that since girl’s hockey has no hitting and fighting we could do the same but I don’t believe girl’s hockey is real hockey because it has no hitting. Contact started out as the defensive player being able to physically separate the player, but hockey got faster and people got stronger so hitting is much more of a threat to other players. Hitting in Minor hockey is also a huge concern but I think it should still start at 11 years old because if you start at around 14 or 15 kids are already a lot bigger and if you start hitting at 11 kids will be prepared and know how to take and receive a hit but if you started at 14 you would have a lot more injuries because no one would know how to take hits.

Comparing and contrasting theories of object recognition

Object recognition is one of the most essential elements for the survival of all living creatures. Object recognition is considered the determination of the implication of a certain object. Object recognition is imperative given that humans and other living creatures manage to respond to the imperative features of the presented object. Assuming that present information concerning an object appears in two dimensions within the eye retina, there are many possibilities of confusing the same object with another thus substantiating visual recognition.However objects are not colour coded or labelled for us. Many objects look similar and do not contain one identifying mark or viewed in identical conditions. So why do humans have an extraordinary ability to identify a certain object regardless of its disparity in appearance. Additionally, humans can manage to take a broad view through observation of collections of objects that are not familiar. These objects are often identified from differe nt views, vantage points, sizes and locations. Objects can also be distinguished in cases where they have been partly blocked from view.Various object recognition conjectures present the subject through utilization of different perspectives thus, bringing a clear distinction to understand object recognition. In accordance to Marr and Nishihara, objects ought to be presented within the reference frame implying that it should be founded on the shape it attains. In order to describe an object based on its shape, canonical coordinate frames need to be established prior to the establishment of the form description. The appropriate collection of expressive rudiments for describing a shape is reliant on the degree of features that the shape description encapsulates.Marr and Nishihara proposed that a modular orderliness of shapes with dissimilar sizes be utilized in different degrees. This enables a portrayal at an elevated level to be stable over modifications in well detailed although sen sitive to these modifications has to be present at other degrees. Marr and Nishihara limited their arguments to objects that can be portrayed as collections of one or many generalized cones. According to these theorists, generalized cones refer to surfaces generated by repositioning a cross-section of steady shape although with inconsistent magnitude in the length of an axis.These cones can become either thicker or thinner given that their shapes get conserved. Marr puts forward the idea that it is possible to decipher the shape of an object based on their occluding contours, defined as an objects silhouette. The final point of this theory is that all the points lie in the same plane from the viewer’s point of view. However this can be problematic as some objects produce the same silhouette. The viewer will then locate the axis or axes appropriate to identify the object The approach presented by the two theorists reflected on, the coordinate frame to be used, in working out t he setback of object constancy.They asserted that an object-centered coordinate frame served better place in addressing the setback than viewer-centered coordinate structure. This is because an object-centered frame is never affected by the position or vantage points. The approach a modular, hierarchical arrangement permits for the generalization and sensitivity by permitting dissimilar levels of content in the portrayals. Description procedure necessitates the hierarchical disintegration of objects into collections of articulated components that bear own axis and focal points with the primary axis.In accordance to the conjecture of object recognition, recognition transpires in three dissimilar levels. The levels are the single-model axis where the primary stage in the model is the recognition of the principal axis of the entity or item. The other level is the component axes where the axis of every small, articulated component of the presented object, gets identified. Finally, the 3 D prototype matches where a matchup between the display of the components and a stored 3D prototypical description is carried out in order to categorize a certain object.Even though, object comparisons appear to be rapider in cases where the principal axis of the presented object appears similar to the object that it is being evaluated alongside, no compelling information has been presented to prop up the psychological actuality of the Marr and Nishihara prototype. This idea is supported by Lawson and Humphreys (1996) study in which participants identified objects that had been rotated. However in patients where there had been damage to the right hemisphere they could recognise objects presented in a particular view but not when in an unusual view, Warrington and Taylor (1978).Images of objects with a vital component obscured or the central axis foreshortened as a result of rotation produced a similar result. Humphreys and Riddoch (1984) An alternative would be to consider viewpoint dependant theories which argue that a multi views approach takes account of the appearance of object from different viewpoints and recognition is viewpoint dependant as the time and accuracy of identification of objects would vary depending on decrepancies between percept and target views. However viewpoint dependant theories do not comply to one or more of the conditions for immediate viewpoint invariance.Some work has been carried out that analyses how views learned over experience (Tarr and Pinker, 1989). It is considered that Biederman theory was an extension of the offered theory by Marr and Nishihara with the present supposition that objects comprise of fundamental primitives, known as geons. This theory was worked out in order to take care of primal identification of objects. According to the conjecture, the visual object gets identified through the fitness of the stored object depiction with geon-based data offered by the visual object.Similar to Marr and Nishihara, Biederm an argues a particular aspect of viewpoint-invariant and suggests that objects are disintegrated into smaller components on the grounds of geometrical characteristics of occluding outlines in the image given that these components are embodied with regard to well-defined concavities on the outlines. These components are regarded geometric primitives otherwise known as geons or geometric ions. These comprise shapes such as cylinders and cones. These objects are embodied as structural portrayals founded on the geometric primitives.According to Biederman 36 geons to would be required to create descriptions of all frequently viewed objects. In accordance to the conjecture, the primitives are delineated by attributes such as curvilinearity, parallelism, cotermination, symmetry and collinearity. These properties are non-accidental implying that they are not variable, under alteration and concerning the vantage or viewpoints. In this approach, recognition progresses directly from the image attributes without the precise depiction of the three dimensional manifestation. This can be substantiated by experiments where line drawing of an object becomes blocked out.In a circumstance where adequate information for the geometric ions is recognised, the object is identified effortlessly than in circumstances where the geometric ions or primitives are blocked out. The conjecture presents an analysis concerning the determination of object geons. The preliminary step is edge extraction, which presents receptiveness to disparities in surface attributes, such as viewing a wheel straight on. Creation of an objects account independent of viewpoint is an essential criteria in both Marr and Nishihara and Biederman theories.However some researchers show that there may be inconsistancies with their findings. Buthoff and Edelman (1992) found that participant inability to recognise difficult objects even when presented in a novel viewpoint and should have allowed for an object centred des cription. This indicates that there may be a viewpoint- dependant recognition (Tarr 1995). Biederman presents similar opinion to Marr and Nishihara concerning the segmentation of visual image into geometric primitives or ions. The concave components of the object outline bear significance.However, the outlasting component to the conjecture occurs in determining the edge information that an object holds that is indispensable attributes of the outstanding invariant across divergent observation angles. Invariant properties for the edges include the curvature, collection of positions that are parallel, edges ending at similar positions and points collinear to each other. The conjecture asserts that geons of visual objects are generated from the invariant properties. Foster and Gilson put forward a simple model of object recognition as an alternative with two basic terms.One reflecting the object structure the other reflecting image based features. Together they predict performance that is view-point dependant. Identifying the the number of aspects tin an object is a simple structural component. However further investigation taking account of more complex objects need to be studied. Biederman theory envisions that all intricate forms are generated from uncomplicated geometrical components regarded as geons and that pattern identification include recognition of these elements.Contrary to Biederman, Marr and Nishihara, utilizes the concepts of visual processing regarded as the computational approach. This approach seeks to delineate or outline the stages involved in pulling out constructive three-dimensional (3D) data from two dimensional depictions or representations. Thus, Marr and Nishihara conjecture seems excessively intricate from the beginning since an assortment of sketch and models are engrossed. On the contrary, Biederman conjecture appears to enfold object recognition from the basic levels to the intricate levels.Additionally, the two conjectures appear es sentially dissimilar since Marr and Nishihara conjecture propose that humans recognize objects from their constituents and the contours of these components. These two theories may be considered top-down processing since the objects that is ultimately perceived and the human knowledge of the globe is utilized to recognise at the last part of the procedure. A viewpoint-independent conjecture fundamentally denotes that objects are psychologically depicted as 3D models, therefore, forecasting that these depictions ought to be uniformly available from any position of view.However, Biederman theory barely forecasts that these depictions are available from all view positions implying that two or more structural descriptions are necessitated in order to identify a certain object. Therefore, Biederman’s theory is divergent from the other conjecture since it proposes that when humans observe an object, they are capable of recognizing such an object having viewed analogous patterns in t he precedent. Biederman’s conjecture is founded upon the recognition of object attributes and utilizing these attributes to categorize object geons and their connections.Visual memory is utilized in determining whether the offered objects appear similar to the object that has been perceived. The two theories bear an inevitable relationship since they have a basis in Marr and Nishihara theory. Although, some disparities and similarities exist between the two, a relationship still exists since they are plausible conjectures concerning 3D objection identification. However, Marr and Nishihara conjecture seems more intricate than the Biederman’s theory bearing in contemplation the concepts utilized.

The Issue Of Gun Control - 1489 Words

In recent years we have seen our nation be split on the issue of gun control. We have seen many violent shootings and innocent people dying because of gun violence. Some Americans believe we need strict gun laws to protect our children and ourselves from these horrific tragedies. Other Americans believes it is our rights as Americans to posses’ guns and we are entitled to that right in our constitution. There are also some Americans that are stuck in the middle and can see both sides but recent events have definitely caused this issue to be in national news weekly if not daily. The benefits of establishing better gun control in America has an unknown outcome but something needs to be done to protect the lives of our children and communities. Although I believe it is our right, as Americans, to posses a firearm, I now see that there could be many benefits to tightening gun regulations in our country. In the United States Constitution the second amendment protects our right to o wn and bear arms. This amendment is part of The Bill of Rights, which was created almost 223 years ago. Although things have changed since the Bill of Rights was created many people interpret this amendment as it was written. This topic is especially hot during elections. For many years there have been gun rights and gun control lobbying in Congress for their respected view. Gun control supporters believe that times have changed and that the second amendment need to be changed to fit our time and theShow MoreRelatedGun Issue And Gun Control1401 Words   |  6 PagesUniversity, Gun Politics has been a course I have aspired to take. While many enroll in such a course looking for an escape from the â€Å"collegiate liberal echo chamber† or as an outlet for their conservative agendas, I saw the class as an â€Å"entrance to the dark side.† My views on guns prior to the class were, I would call, polarized yet uninformed. In most of my discussions, I would cite the Australi an 1996 National Firearms Agreement as precedent for how American politicians should approach the gun issueRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pagessomebody who wants to inflict harm on other people to get his or her hands on a gun.† (Simple Minded Gun Control). Gun control is a controversial issue worldwide. The reason why this has attracted so much attention is because not everyone is in favor of gun control and each side brings up excellent points about the issue. Research related to this issue strongly supports the claim that there SHOULD be more gun control laws. Three arguments that prove this position are (1) Incidents like Sandy HookRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1031 Words   |  5 Pagesintegrate them in a way that will trigger a new viewpoint on the subject. Gun control is something that should be enforced across the world in order to save lives. In the United States there is a ratio of 88.8 guns per one hundred persons (GunPolicy.org). T hose numbers award us with the highest total per capita number in the world. With that amount of firepower there needs to be an efficient way to regulate who exactly can purchase a gun. Since 1791 when the second amendment was ratified there have beenRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1705 Words   |  7 Pagesaway without preface or reason. All someone needs to do is pull the trigger. In today’s world, guns are far too accessible to the people of society. We hear in the news, stories of mass shootings, homicides, and suicides; most of which are caused by the activation of a gun. A hot-button issue, gun control is one of the most debated topics in American politics. Should we, or should we not, be able to own guns? Although it infringes on the Second Amendment that provides the right to bear arms, this amendmentRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control951 Words   |  4 PagesGun control has been a big topic for the past decade in the united states. These debates will rise and fall t ime in and time out after something horrific happens in the state. Anti-Gun supporters do not realize that it is extremely difficult to regulate something in the states that is a big portion of our economy.Would stricter gun laws change anything? So far statistically It has been proven otherwise one must consider how a citizen would defend themselves when they are faced with terror. How willRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control929 Words   |  4 PagesGun Control Getting arrested yesterday was not the highlight of my week. I was hungry; so I went to Wal-Mart get some charcoal, lighter fluid, and steak. I put the charcoal in the grill and the lighter fluid on the coals. I got a little lighter fluid on my arm, but I didn’t pay it much attention. I lit the match and threw it on the coals. I looked down and my sleeve was on fire. I was waving my arm in the air, trying to put it out. Then here they come the police pulled in and tackled me to theRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1552 Words   |  7 PagesThe issue of gun is always controversial. Firearm can be used as defending or an assaulting weapon. In United States, firearm increase the rate of homicide, suicide and gun violence, which can harm and murder people. Moreover, taking away people’s gun will not work effectively because the murder and criminal will find another ways to get guns. Also, the black market will appear for the people who cannot get guns from regulated market s. In addition, if regulated guns are banned, murderers may useRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1678 Words   |  7 PagesJanuary 2014 The 2nd Amendment Over the past few years, the issue of gun control has been widely discussed. You surely have heard the phrase, â€Å"Guns don’t kill people, people kill people† uttered and i wholeheartedly support this statement. It is important to treat guns responsibly so they do not end up in the wrong hands. I believe gun control violates our inalienable rights. Another piece of our liberty will surely be taken away if guns are banned, and socialism and totalitarianism will be rightRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1208 Words   |  5 PagesWill Christopherson Traverson English 2 1 March 2017 Gun Control The United States has 88.8 guns per 100 people, or about 270,000,000 guns, which is the highest total and per capita number across the globe. The current public gun control debate in the United States seems to be placed on standby until it is sparked up by a major mass shooting. There were at least 126 mass shootings between January 2000 and July 2014.(pro). Opponents of more gun laws accuse supporters of using a horrific event to furtherRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control875 Words   |  4 Pagesbe three gun per house hold ]: [Subtitle] First I think Molly Ivins is wrong when she say get rid of guns. What she don’t realize there will still be violence in the united states of America gun are not the problem the people that own the gun is the problem. Secondly some people buy gun to fell safe just think about a woman that has three kids and she live on her on what should she go out and buy the protect her family and make sure that they are safe. Third people love gun because guns make people

Essay on Critique of Humes Analysis of Causality

Critique of Humes Analysis of Causality Humes analyses of human apprehension and of causality were the most penetrating up to his time and continue to have great influence. Contemporary Spanish philosopher Xavier Zubiri (1893-1983) has examined both and identified three underlying errors: (1) the failure to recognize that there are three stages of human intellection, and especially that the first, primordial apprehension, has quite unique characteristics; (2) the attempt to place an excessive burden on the content of impressions while ignoring what Zubiri terms their formality of reality; and (3) the failure to recognize that functionality, not causality, is the basis for most of our knowledge. Causal chains in general cannot be†¦show more content†¦This task Hume undertook in his Treatise of Human Nature, Book I. In Part IV, he is concerned to establish a reason or explanation for our belief in the independent and continuing existence of external things or bodies, for upon this all causal reasoning about such thi ngs must ultimately rest. As is well known, Hume argues that such belief must either come from the senses, reason, or what he terms imagination; and he dismisses the first two, leaving only the last, where he attributes the belief to coherence and constancy of impressions. (1) For the present study, details of Humes argument are not as important as his basic assumptions. One of those assumptions, never explicitly stated but always lurking just beneath the surface, is that all reasoning and understanding of the external world comes from the mind working on the content of sensible impressions, be they pains, pleasures, colors, or sounds. The burden of inferring the existence of things outside of the mind then must fall upon the mind and those processes available to it, because what the senses deliver is inadequate to the task: That our senses offer not their impressions as the images of something distinct, or independent, and external, is evident; because they convey to usShow MoreRelated Metaphysics as Addressed by Kant and Hume Essay1387 Words   |  6 PagesMetaphysics as Addressed by Kant and Hume In the Prolegomena, Kant states that reading David Hume, awakened him from his dogmatic slumber. It was Humes An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding that made Kant aware of issues and prejudices in his life that he had previously been unaware of. This further prompted Kant to respond to Hume with his own analysis on the theory of metaphysics. Kant did not feel that Hume dealt with these matters adequately and resolved to pick up where Hume had left offRead MoreEssay on Analysis of Hume’s Critique of Causation1825 Words   |  8 PagesAnalysis of Hume’s Critique of Causation Sometimes it is hard to be sure what conclusion to draw from a Humean analysis, and he is easy to misrepresent. This is partly because one argument he is engaged in may raise a number of related issues that he has dealt with elsewhere, and some of his points seem contradictory. My wish is to consider some of the possible readings of David Hume’s critique of causation, as it appears in Section VII of the Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, â€Å"On NecessaryRead MoreEssay on Inconsistencies in Humes Empirical Thought2264 Words   |  10 PagesInconsistencies in Humes Empirical Thought    In his Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, David Hume attempts to uncover the ultimate truth about where our knowledge comes from.   This leads him to suggest that all our ideas and knowledge arise from outward experiences and sensations.   He attempts to prove this by solving the problem of induction.   I disagree with Humes ideas, and in this essay I will explain why.   I shall begin by explaining the problem of induction, and the scepticalRead More Al-Ghazà ¢là ®, Causality, and Knowledge Essay3905 Words   |  16 PagesAl-Ghazà ¢là ®, Causality, and Knowledge ABSTRACT: Few passages in Arabic philosophy have attracted as much attention as al-Ghazà ¢là ®s discussion of causality in the seventeenth discussion of Tahà ¢fut al-Falsafa, along with the response of Ibn Rushd (Averroà «s) in his Tahà ¢fut al-Tahà ¢fut. A question often asked is to what extent al-Ghazà ¢là ® can be called an occasionalist; that is, whether he follows other Kalà ¢m thinkers in restricting causal agency to God alone. What has not been thoroughly addressedRead More Immanuel Kant’s Metaphysics Essay3676 Words   |  15 Pagesthe CPR . . . will look forward with delight to metaphysics, which is now indeed in his power.† Yet the image of an â€Å"Alleszermalmer† persists, who dismantled the foundations of a philosophical edifice which had barely withstood the ravagement of Hume’s onslaught on its â€Å"occult fancies†! These discrepancies should make us wonder how one of the three greatest thinkers of all time could be so far deluded as to miss the outcome and import of his efforts! I propose to consider this problematic issue

Biology Lab Report - 840 Words

Screening and Cloning Of Bacterial ÃŽ ²-Glucosidase Gene That Can Degrade Salicin from NIF and Virulent Bacteria Hanan H. Ahmed Microbial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering Biotechnology Institute, Minufiya University Sadat City, Egypt Abstract Two ÃŽ ²- glucosidase genes in Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. Trifloii able to utilize Salicin. SamI fragments (2 and 3 kbp) from Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. Trifloii were expressed in E. coli HC1061. Transformed clones with ÃŽ ²- glucosidase activity were selected by using Congo Red stain plate assay. Restriction enzyme analysis of recombinant plasmid indicated that the positive clones were contained the 2 and 3 kbp DNA inserts. The E. coliHC1061 transformed with 2 or 3 kbp fragment†¦show more content†¦Two types of pattern were obtained, the relative ability of each gene to cleave coniferin was assessed. Clones containing Agrobacterium tumefaciens B3/73 DNA rapidly and completely hydrolyzed coniferin to coniferyl alcohol. Over the same period, type 2 clones were completely inactive. The different substrate specificities of clones were also evident from their ability to grow on cellobiose Agrobacterium tumefaciens B3/73 was able to use cellobiose as the sole carbon source . Escherichia coli DH5ÃŽ ± and type 1 clones were not able to grow on cellobiose. Other clones were able to utilize cellobiose, but grew very slowly (Linda et al., 1992). The 5.7-kb HindIlI fragment common to all type 1 clones was purified and ligated into pBR322. Clones with inserts in either orientation were able to cleave X-glucose, indicating that the entire ÃŽ ²-glucosidase gene was probably located within this insert. An EcoRI, BamHI, BglII, and PstI restriction map of the insert showed that a 3.5-kb BamHI-PstI fragment with an internal PstI site was found to have the activity to cleave X-glucose when cloned into pUC19. The sequence surrounding the EcoRI site in the pUC19: 3.5-kb BamHI-PstI clone and the sequence were done. 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